Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Free Essays on Frankenstein

The real monster is sometimes hidden between the lines. Although through Mary ¡Ã‚ ¯s writing she leads us to the conclusion that the monster is the monster himself, he may actually not be what he is projected to be but in fact the result of another monster. Throughout her book she notes at the brutal behavior that the monster encounters through out his lifetime. Many men where quite cruel to the monster, including his own creator, for no underlying reason other than his appearance. This leads one to the conclusion that the monster was a result of his environment. A child is not born with a criminal mind, but most of the time the child ¡Ã‚ ¯s behavior is a result of the hard background in which they where raised. This isn ¡Ã‚ ¯t to say that some people are Looney ¡Ã‚ ¯s that had a normal upraising, but more than not, they were raised in a harsh environment. The monster is the product of a very complex equation. Victor is a monster in a way; he neglected and rejected his creation. It is as bad as engaging in the act of sex and all the good stuff that goes into making a baby and then leaving the child at birth in a back alley. Victor is very guilty for the monsters behavior. There is no doubt in my mind that if Victor had loved the monster and given him a good start in his life he would have made an intelligent and nice creature (and maybe with some ancient plastic surgery, he would be able to overcome his depression over his ugly appearance). Victor was unwise in his decisions, even when the monster came to him and reached out for his help and forgiveness victor rejected him. In all honesty if I were in the monsters shoes I would set out to ruin Victor ¡Ã‚ ¯s life just as much as he had my own. The last part to the monster equation is society. Society put victor in the position of judging things for their exterior. If victor did not adhere to the fads of society than perhaps he would know to look within and not judge the shallow parts. Its as ba... Free Essays on Frankenstein Free Essays on Frankenstein At first glance, the monster in Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, is the real villain. However, if you take another look you will see that Victor Frankenstein, the scientist who created the monster, is just as guilty. Victor’s obsession with interfering with life and death results in the destruction of several people he cares about. Although the monster is the actual killer, Victor is the accomplice. On many occasions Victor abandons his creature , leaving him helpless and all alone. By doing this Victor ignites the rage within the monster, and soon the monster begins to seek revenge. Because Victor Frankenstein creates this monster, he is a part of the tragedy the monster causes. Throughout the story Victor becomes just as much a villain as the monster he created. Victor’s heartless abandonment of the creature was catastrophic. When Frankenstein first created the monster he thought it would be glorious, but when reality set in he noticed that the experiment might have crossed the line. His feelings toward the creature at â€Å"birth† were clear; â€Å"now that I finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart† (42) Victor then flees only to return when the creature vanishes. This is the beginning of the change the monster makes from innocent creature to vicious monster. Many would assume that this monster was evil from the very start, but even he recognizes that this was not true. â€Å"I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend† (84). Regardless, Victor’s cold attitude continues as he yells to the monster to â€Å"Begone! I will not hear you. There can be no community between you and me; we are enemies.† (84). After this the creature begins to feel great hatred towards Victor. He has been ostracized from what he so badly wants to be a part of. He is devastated and enraged that his creator does not even accept him. â€Å"Hateful day when I received life! Why did... Free Essays on Frankenstein Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has been hailed as one of the best horror stories ever. The title, Frankenstein, is the last name of the creator of the infamous Frankenstein’s monster, Dr. Victor Frankenstein. His is a story of the great pain suffered by Frankenstein and his monster and people’s misunderstanding of the poor creature. All his efforts to find a companion are useless, as society shuns him for his horrid figure. Although the story is told by Dr. Frankenstein through Robert Walton, an arctic explorer, the antagonist seems to be his monster. Despite his gruesome appearance, this being composed of various cadaver parts starts out as a compassionate creature longing for companionship and curious of how he came to be. He desperately tries to befriend members of society, but utterly fails at each attempt. His appearance earns him no sympathy, but loathing from his creator and townspeople alike. For example, after secretly living with a poor family for more tha n a year, he decides to approach the father, a blind old man. The creature reasons that since the old man cannot see him, he will not be repulsed by the monster’s form, thus providing companionship for the creature. As the two talk, the old man responds to the plight of the stranger. However, the monster’s wish for friendship does not come true for the old man’s children return home to find their blind father with a gigantic monster. The old man’s son attacks the monster, but instead of killing the boy, he runs away, overcome by despair and anguish. The creature decides to request Frankenstein make a female version of himself. Frankenstein refuses at first, saying that creating another might destroy mankind, but the monster says to him: You are in the wrong, and instead of threatening, I am content to reason with you. I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind? You, my creator, would tear me to pieces and triumph†¦ Shall I res... Free Essays on Frankenstein Frankenstein In this essay, I shall be examining the two main characters, Victor Frankenstein and the creature, and considering what Shelley could be telling us about parenting, child development, and education through their experiences. As a young child, it could be said that Victor Frankenstein is indulged and spoilt by his parents, and later on by his adopted sister, Elizabeth and his friend, Henry Clerval. In the first chapter, as Frankenstein is recounting his story to the mariner, Walton, we learn that he was born into a wealthy family from Geneva, and lived in Italy for the first part of his life. His mother was the daughter of his father’s friend, and, therefore much younger than he. We are told that she was caring and dutiful, that she, "possessed a mind of an uncommon mould" (page 32), and had nursed and kept her own father during his illness until his death. Frankenstein’s parents are very much in love, and he was an only child for the first five years, doted on by them as we can see when he says, "they seemed to draw inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love to bestow them on me." (page 33). Victor’s first recollections are of his, "mother’s tender caresses", a nd his, "father’s smile of benevolent pleasure" (page 33). They regard him as being, "bestowed on them by heaven", and recognize that his future, "was in their hands to direct to happiness or misery". He also tells Walton that his mother and father felt that they, "owed" something to him because they had given him life. At the age of seven, having moved to Geneva with his family, he meets Henry Clerval with whom he becomes great friends, although it is interesting to note that he chooses not to mix with the other local children. At the beginning of chapter two, Victor describes his childhood thus: No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself. My parents were possessed by the very spirit of kindness and indulgence.... Free Essays on Frankenstein The novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley is an excellent example of the Romantic Movement. The movement took place in the period from the late 1700’s to the mid-1800; it emphasized passion rather than reason and imagination and intuition rather than logic. One of the key concepts most Romantic writers used was, nature is a source of inspiration. They believed that people who lived in an industrialized area were unhappy because the environment around them was not full of the beautiful gifts of nature. While people who lived in the countryside all their lives were full of happiness as a result of their surroundings. This concept is beautifully brought out in Frankenstein. Having this concept in the novel makes the narrative more powerful, this is because the impact of the narrative is heightened when the environment of what is going on corresponds with the emotions of characters in it. It also makes it more powerful by making the reader feel more emotions over the reading. The fo llowing are a few examples of the ways Shelley expresses this concept in the novel. One way Shelley shows nature as an inspiration is through the geography of the settings. In the beginning of the novel when Victor lives in Geneva it is described, as isolated and dwarfed by massive snow capped mountain ranged and hunted be the emptiness of the lake. Later on in the novel and in the letters in the beginning Shelly puts the characters in the wildest, most isolated areas in Europe: The Swiss and French Alps, the Rhine Valley, the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Russia and the Arctic. When the reader reads about these various places they get a feeling of isolation and that of loneliness, exactly what Shelly wants them to be feeling. When Victor was 15 years-old nature inspired him as to what field of study to get into. His inspiration came when at his house in Geneva he witnessed â€Å" a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about... Free Essays on Frankenstein Unholiness Begets a Frankenstein Mary Shelley was in a godless state when she wrote the book Frankenstein. Instead of rebuking the very idea that one is his own creator, she took this â€Å"dream† and ran with the invention of Frankenstein, the main character and empowered him to give and to take away life, as only God can do. Several facts lead to the idea that she was very much influenced by her father during childhood, as well as by her mother’s rebellion during that time. These two influences during her youth, molded her to become easily persuaded by freethinking and heathenism. It is evident that children are swayed by those directly involved in their lives. During Mary Shelley’s childhood, it is obvious that her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, denied â€Å"traditional† principles of womanhood due to her role in the feminist movement. The definition of traditional, in this case, stems from the Biblical view of women and their Godly virtues (Nelson 555). In the 1800’s, the Bible was a credible source of standards for men and women and considered a primary source of truth. It was during this â€Å"Era of Enlightenment† that the Church and State were linked with one another and those who did not heed to this type of thinking were considered betrayers. A traditional woman was therefore considered one who was humble, submissive, and a homemaker. Wollstonecraft’s involvement in politics allured other women to become â€Å"independent of men† (Shelley 5) and seekers of their own interest, contradicting Church convictions. The Church establishes that Jesus Christ was a man, and that his followers are to submit to him (Nelson 93). Furthermore, the Bible uses the symbolism of marriage, where the husband is the â€Å"head† and the woman is to submit (Nelson 180), as an example of how mankind is to yield to Jesus Christ (the head of the Church). Being an active feminist is not in this paradi... Free Essays on Frankenstein The character named Victor in the book Frankenstein written by Mary Shelly, is a likable figure. His demeanor on the whole was very pleasant as he grew from a boy into an adult. Victor’s passion for the sciences is very strong, and had stayed studious in his youth. Victor’s mother died when he was age 17, and that is when he decides that he will discover a way to rid the world of sickness and death, so people could stay with each other forever. Victor went on to medical school, and after many intense years of research and study Victor gathers enough parts from cadavers to begin creating life which he believes will be much better than our existence. Victor is a likable character because his intentions are good, all he wanted to do was conquer death and illnesses. This idea by it self comes from a man that is caring and doesn’t want anybody to go through what he went through and also to keep himself from going through the same ordeal again. Victor finally creates life in the form of a man, with many parts sewn together it has made his creation hideous. Victor, not believing he had done this deed became frightened and ran away from the â€Å"monster†. The monster is automatically shunned by his maker who made judgment by relating ugliness with evil. Later on Victors brother William is found strangled and the accused is a girl who had grown up with Victor. Victor knows immediately that she didn’t do this, but Victor was not able to help her because she is immediately lynched and hanged by the people. Victor decides he would prefer to live in the solitude of nature where he meets with the monster that he thinks has been dead for the last two years. The monster has learned how to speak, read, and write, The monster had learned of his creation from a diary Victor had kept and the monster had found it in an old coat. He told Victor that he had lived in a shack and observed the family and that is how he learned spee! ch, ... Free Essays on Frankenstein Frankenstein by: Mary Shelley This story's protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, decided that he wanted to create a being out of people that were already dead. He believed that he could bring people back from the grave. Victor Frankenstein felt that he had no true friends, and the only release of emotions was through letters to Elizabeth. Elizabeth was not Victor's true sister, but he loved her very dearly and made sure to always write her whenever he had the chance. Already being interested in subjects like natural philosophy and chemistry, he fell upon the question of how to bring someone back to life. He became incredibly involved in this project and worked on it for days on end. The project had to do with defying the laws of nature. Victor completely believed that he could bring the dead back to life. He felt that the dead were not ready to die and they were just resting. Victor became so self absorbed into his project that he seemed to forget all that was important to him. He even distanced himself from all the people he loved in his life like his father and Elizabeth. Victor began to write less and less. When Elizabeth recieved a discouraging letter from Victor she begins to worry about him. Though, the letter was full of words, the letter gave no relief to Elizabeth, because the words meant nothing to her. However, they meant a lot to Victor, because he felt the project in which he was working on was so important to him, in his own delirious world. He felt that with bringing people back to life, he would not only better mankind, but also establish a name for himself. With this type of attitude, he did not even tak e into consideration that he might make the world a worse place. This part in the story shows the irony. The irony is that Victor Frankenstein feels he is doing something good for humanity, but would later find out just how bad this creation would be. Though Elizabeth wanted to pull Victor away from his project, he w... Free Essays on Frankenstein Society is inevitable. It will always be there as a pleasure and a burden. Society puts labels on everything as good or bad, rich or poor, normal or aberrant. Although some of these stamps are accurate, most of them are misconceptions. In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley this act of erring by society is extremely evident. One example of this judgment is the way the family is looked upon. They are seen by society as the lower-class. They work every day on their garden to make food for meals because they do not have enough money to be able to buy food. They are viewed as poor and unfortunate, but are actually rich... in spirit. They are good people. They do not complain with the status quo but enjoy what they have, which is an admirable trait for people in any standing. The old blind man sings songs to the others, plays a musical instrument, and adds a sense of experience and content to the family. The children do their daily work without griping as well. Just because they are looked down upon by society that still does not stop them from enjoying what has been provided for them. Society itself which is supposed to be good is actually ignorant. They wrongly treat the monster on the assumption that he actually is a monster. They scorn, attack, and shun the monster just because of his outward appearance. This is not justified by anything except his demeanor. They are also afraid of it because they are afraid of things about which they no nothing. Society also unjustly kills Justine because she is the only person that could have possibly have done such an evil act. They again wrongly label Justine as the killer. They do not look into the facts but instead find a quick and easy answer to the problem. This again shows the ignorance of society in this novel. Two of the most inaccurate assumptions of society revolve around the central characters of Dr. Frankenstein and ... Free Essays on Frankenstein Goethe in Faust and Shelley in Frankenstein, wrap their stories around two men whose mental and physical actions parallel one another. Both stories deal with characters, who strive to be the à ¼bermensch in their world. In Faust, the striving fellow, Faust, seeks physical and mental wholeness in knowledge and disaster in lust. In Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein struggles for control over one aspect of nature and disastrously, through the monster, nature controls him to a much greater degree. Many powers are much too mighty for mortal souls, a lesson that Frankenstein and Faust learn by the end of their tales. While voluntarily excommunicating themselves from society, both characters accomplish a portion of their goal and yet they remain unhappy because they never control the "perfect" life they have built for themselves. In Faust, the intelligent gentleman Faust, seeks spiritual wholeness in knowledge. Through years of hard study, Faust becomes knowledgeable in math, sciences and religion and yet he becomes inept and incapable of having any romantic or physical relationships with the outside world. As Faust strives to become the "over man" through knowledge, he realizes that books will not satisfy his curiosity and that maybe sensual pleasures will. Therefore, in the process of creating his new life, Faust, becomes distant and unconcerned with all reality and humanity around him. Do not fancy anything right, do not fancy that I could teach or assert what would better mankind or what might convert. I also have neither money nor treasures, nor worldly honors or earthly pleasures; no dog would want to live this way!(p. 95) Obviously, Faust has fallen into a inhumane state of living, through the pursuit of the unattainable. He becomes greedy, desperate and feels justified in whatever it takes to achieve a position of the over man. At that time, Christians and society in general considered his pursuit for lust immoral, unjust an... Free Essays on Frankenstein Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is filled with various underlying themes, the crux being the effect society has on The Creature's personality. These topics have been discussed and explored on countless occasions, and the novel has been compared with its contemporaries of the Romantic Age numerous times. However, if one were to correlate and contrast Shelly's masterpiece with another, the greatest work would be the creation story in Genesis. Victor and The Creature are obvious representations of God and Adam, and the events in the two accounts parallel and differ from each other in several ways. God breathed life into Adam and created him in his own image and likeness. He placed him in a utopia and gave him authority over everything. With this authority, Adam used his knowledge to distinguish right from wrong, and if he needed help, God was always there with his unconditional love. Victor, on the other hand, assembled body parts from different corpses and made a hideous monster in the hea t of his madness. He left The Creature to fend for himself in a world full of ugliness, violence, and hate. There was no mutual feeling of love between Victor and his creation, only that of hate and fear. An all-powerful being who was perfect in every aspect created Adam. God saw that he was lonely and chose to make a mate for him to live with. When Adam sinned, he accepted his guilt, obeyed God, and left the garden. Though his own creation went against him, God loved Adam the whole time. A flawed mad man, whose intentions were only to satisfy himself, created The Creature. He demanded that his creator make a mate for him so he could have someone to share his love with. When Victor refused his request, The Creature swore vengeance, and hate was shared by both. One of the main similarities between Adam and The Creature is the fact that their creators went from one extreme to another at pivotal moments in the stories. Victor had compassion for The Creature as ... Free Essays on Frankenstein Placing Blame Is man â€Å"at once so powerful, so virtuous and magnificent, yet so vicious and base?† (104). In Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein acquires the power to â€Å"give life to an animal as complex and wonderful as man† (38). In Victor’s eyes, this astonishing breakthrough in science should â€Å"unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation,† (33) and â€Å"pour a torrent of light into our dark world† (38). However, things go awry. Horrors of murder, pain, anguish, and despair soon plague the lives of all the characters in the novel. Frankenstein’s creation becomes a monster that vows â€Å"eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind† (126). Yet who is the primary cause of all this terror? Who is to blame for the innocent deaths: the creature or the creator? Although the creature has the power to exercise his will in murdering innocent people, the creator is ultimately at fault. Victor creates the monster with the wrong motives, designs him to be â€Å"hideously deformed and loathsome† (105), and does not give him the â€Å"love and fellowship† (204) every being desires and needs. Early in the novel, Victor’s ambition earns him much recognition among his science colleagues. Advancing rapidly, Victor’s imagination is â€Å"too much exalted by [his] first success to permit [him] to doubt of his ability to give life† (38) to a human being. However, his obsession for success blinds him from the possible effects and consequences of such a creation. Instead he sees only that â€Å"a new species would bless [him] as its creator and source,† (39) and that â€Å"many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to [him]† (39). Selfishness takes a firm hold on Victor, and his motives become that of power. Victor has a perfect scenario drawn out in his mind of what his creation will be and do. He is so wrapped up in the possible creation and all the glory it will bring that he fails to ra... Free Essays on Frankenstein The real monster is sometimes hidden between the lines. Although through Mary ¡Ã‚ ¯s writing she leads us to the conclusion that the monster is the monster himself, he may actually not be what he is projected to be but in fact the result of another monster. Throughout her book she notes at the brutal behavior that the monster encounters through out his lifetime. Many men where quite cruel to the monster, including his own creator, for no underlying reason other than his appearance. This leads one to the conclusion that the monster was a result of his environment. A child is not born with a criminal mind, but most of the time the child ¡Ã‚ ¯s behavior is a result of the hard background in which they where raised. This isn ¡Ã‚ ¯t to say that some people are Looney ¡Ã‚ ¯s that had a normal upraising, but more than not, they were raised in a harsh environment. The monster is the product of a very complex equation. Victor is a monster in a way; he neglected and rejected his creation. It is as bad as engaging in the act of sex and all the good stuff that goes into making a baby and then leaving the child at birth in a back alley. Victor is very guilty for the monsters behavior. There is no doubt in my mind that if Victor had loved the monster and given him a good start in his life he would have made an intelligent and nice creature (and maybe with some ancient plastic surgery, he would be able to overcome his depression over his ugly appearance). Victor was unwise in his decisions, even when the monster came to him and reached out for his help and forgiveness victor rejected him. In all honesty if I were in the monsters shoes I would set out to ruin Victor ¡Ã‚ ¯s life just as much as he had my own. The last part to the monster equation is society. Society put victor in the position of judging things for their exterior. If victor did not adhere to the fads of society than perhaps he would know to look within and not judge the shallow parts. Its as ba... Free Essays on Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s classic novel of the Romanticism period, Frankenstein, there is much destruction and remorse caused by the creature Dr. Frankenstein creates. The creature, a living being made of body parts from various dead human corpses, kills several individuals that are held close by his creator Dr. Victor Frankenstein. However, the events caused by the creature bring up an interesting issue, who is responsible for the deaths of these innocent individuals? The obvious solution would be that it’s the creature’s fault, since he in fact carried out the deeds directly, but can an eight-foot tall collection of human body parts be held responsible for such acts. The next answer would put the onus of these people’s deaths on Dr. Frankenstein, since the creature was of his making and he should be held responsible for his creation. Although both characters were involved in the deaths of William Frankenstein, Henry Clerval, and Elizabeth Lavenza, it is society that is most responsible for the passing of these individuals. The reason that society should be held accountable for these individuals’ deaths is it was in fact society that drove Dr. Frankenstein to make the creature that would achieve his fame and fortune and it was society that made him conceal the truths about the creature out of fear of embarrassment and failure. The main reason for society’s liability in the death of William, Elizabeth, and Henry is due to its emphasis on success and prestige on the impressionable Dr. Frankenstein. Even as a young boy Victor Frankenstein was enthralled with the ideal of being an alchemist, which shows that he wanted nothing more than to just make success in the eyes of society. Also, from his infatuation as a youngster with alchemy it is made apparent that he wants to create something deemed as valuable, but with little responsibility and work. When Victor goes off to Ingolstandt to study ethics and chemistry at the university he is... Free Essays on Frankenstein MARY SHELLEY- Frankenstein â€Å"‘An understanding of how characters are constructed can be enhanced by an understanding of the social and historical context in which the novel was written,’ discuss with reference to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.† Knowledge on social and historical factors that have effected an author’s novel allows the reader to have greater general insight into the novel if they are understood. Frankenstein, composed by Mary Shelley, features representations of the construction of characters and have been perceived differently by different generations. A greater understanding of the construction of Mary Shelley’s characters is achieved through a greater understanding of the circumstances of which Shelley was working under, specifically time; the 1810’s, and social pressures that Shelley had to conform to and those of which she had to rebuke. In the era of Mary Shelley historically science used for the re-creation, or creation, of life was a new topic and only the educated were exposed to the attempts that scientists were devoting their research to. Socially the uneducated had no say in the matter, it was likely that many of them were ignorant to what was being endeavoured. Amongst the rich and educated these deeds were controversial and there was no prescient for them to consider; these were new grounds. Also the aims of the generation for Frankenstein’s creature were much different to ours due to the more primitive form of science. The society of Mary Shelley new what the boundary of playing God was; some chose to rebuke it others to achieve it, those rebuking it outweighing those considering it. Our society has been meddling with the properties of ‘God creations’ for many years. Changing organisms for the convenience of the human race has become extremely acceptable in some instances, for example th e process of creating of insulin. Even the scientific creation of humans is becoming mo... Free Essays on Frankenstein A Swiss Proverb once enlightened, "When one shuts one eye, one does not hear everything". Sadly, vision is the primary sense of mankind and often the solitary basis of judgment. Without human’s limitations of the shapes, colors and textures of our overall outward appearances, the world would be a place that emphasizes morals, justice and intelligence rather than bravado, cuteness, and sexual attraction. For if there were no predetermined ideal models defining the beautiful possibilities of the human body’s variation, one would never suffer isolation due to one’s disability, unattractiveness, or unusual physical attribute. Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, sheds light on the eternal illusory and importance of appearance through the tale of an unwanted creation that is never given a chance. Ironically, the supposed beast was initially much more compassionate and thoughtful than his creator, until his romantic and innocent view of the human race was diminis hed by the cruelty and injustice he unduly bore. Not only does the creature suffer the prejudice of an appearance-based society, but other situations and characters in the novel force the reader to reflect their own hasty crimes of judgment in an intelligent and adult fashion. The semi- gothic novel includes several instances of societal prejudice that include the isolation and outcast of Frankenstein’s creation, the creature’s biased opinion of the cottagers, and the unbalanced and inappropriate classification of Victor. Throughout the course of the creature’s isolated and pathetic journey, he is never given the opportunity to participate in human interaction, as he so deeply deserves. Upon his creation, the reaction of Victor, his maker, is so vividly appalling; one forgets that this is actually the birth of a human being. His ‘father’, Victor, is so selfish and has such a lack of responsibility and foresight, that he creates a human being for the simple purpose ... Free Essays on Frankenstein A novel can be judged in many ways for many things. One of these things is the relevance of its theme, not only to the time period of the book, but to the author’s time period and the time period of the reader as well. For a book to have a lasting effect on society throughout the years, the reader of all time periods must be able to relate to that theme. Frankenstein is a novel that has fit itself to this mold very well. The theme of a creator’s responsibility for his or her creation and the dangers of science are a common theme throughout Frankenstein. The discussion of these topics has been prevalent in every society since the novel’s creation, from the science and technology of Mary Shelly’s society, to our science and technology today. From the very start of the novel, Victor Frankenstein shows great interest in the sciences. After his childhood, he pursued a university education, where he studied the natural sciences. It wasn’t long before Frankenstein realized he carried an interest for the mysteries of life. This interest sparked Victor into attempting to discover a way to create a living being. After years of studying, he finally discovers a way to complete this dangerous task. Victor then works for months and succeeds in giving the breath of life into a hideous creature (Magill 1267). He realizes very quickly that he took it upon himself to try and go above God’s power, and leaves the creature to try and survive on its own. The creature goes through a series of rejections by mankind, first starting with a group of cottagers, then with Victor’s brother. His meeting with Victor’s brother ended up in a massacre, as he killed William with his bare hands. This was the first form of reve nge on his creator. Victor finally meets with the creature, only to find that his worst nightmare has come true (Moss 117-118). He has become disgusted with Victor, and with society, because they have rejected him so forcefully. Beca... Free Essays on Frankenstein Introduction In the eighteenth century, a young man flush with hard-won knowledge about the secrets of life locks himself in his apartment to engage in a gruesome but fascinating task: creating a human being. Months later, pale and emaciated from days spent slaving over stolen body parts, he brings a new life into the world, only to recoil in horror from his monstrous creation. He soon finds himself in a downward spiral of guilt, remorse, and helplessness, as the monster destroys everything dear to him. The heart of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is its protagonist's struggle to deal with the responsibility for the tragic consequences of an overreaching scientific endeavor. The novel is a triumph of Gothic storytelling with its supernatural and horrifying depiction of science gone awry, and the framing of various narratives contributes to the tale's complex and fascinating nature. Plot Overview In a series of letters, Robert Walton, the captain of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon interrupted by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who has been traveling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton takes him aboard ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic tale of the monster that Frankenstein created. Victor first describes his early life in Geneva. At the end of a blissful childhood spent in the company of Elizabeth Lavenza (his cousin in the 1818 edition, his adopted sister in the 1831 edition) and friend Henry Clerval, Victor enters the university of Ingolstadt to study natural philosophy and chemistry. While studying, his desire grows to discover the secret of life. After several years of research, Victor becomes convinced that he has found it. Armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends mont... Free Essays on Frankenstein A Freudian Interpretation -Victor Frankenstein - In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the main character, Victor, has a short, but important dream right after he brings his creature to life. I have chosen to interpret this dream for several reasons. Firstly, there is no need to doubt that Victor’s retelling of the dream is anything but the truth. Also, there would be no reason for Victor to be compensating for lapses in the dream by creating falsities. In order for the novel to work, these assumptions must be made. Also with Victor’s dream, there is no need to try to extract his past from the dream because in the four chapters before the dream we get that information. Victors retelling of his dream is this: I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in the streets of Ingolstadt. Delighted and surprised, I embraced her, but as I imprinted the fist kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change and I thought th at I held the dead corpse of my dead mother in my arms; a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the graveworms crawling in the folds of the flannel. The first thing I identified in the dream was the symbolism. In his works on dreams, Freud often stresses the existence of sexual motivation in dreams. He identifies many symbols of genitals and sexual intercourse. One of the symbols for the phallis is a snake. I extended that symbol to include the graveworms that are mentioned in Victor’s dream. The existence of this symbol led me to examine the possibility that sexual feelings may have caused this dream. The two characters that are mentioned in the dream are Elizabeth, his intended wife, and Caroline, who is his now deceased mother. The presence of Victor’s love object and his mother ensure the existence of sexual feelings in the dream. The way in which Victor describes embracing and kissing Elizabeth implies that he has sexual desire for her. He may also have a genuine s ... Free Essays on Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein and his creation, the monster, possess many similarities and differences. Victor becomes obsessed with the idea of creating the human form and acts upon his interests, but immediately after playing God by creating life, the monster, he becomes scared and leaves the school and returns home. By leaving in fear of his creation the monster faces rejection from his creator and society, pushing him to revenge against his creator’s family. Victor Frankenstein and the monster share a common characteristic of loneliness, and rejection. Victor Frankenstein did not live a normal, ordinary life. As a young man, Victor was rejected by his fellow peers. Thus he invents the monster hoping the monster will resemble him and therefore hoping he will acquire a mate. Obviously the monster and Victor look nothing alike, putting Victor into a state of depression and fear. Victor created a hideously ugly creature, which draws an unwanted attention towards him. Being rejected by society and his creator the monster seeks a mate. Consequently both the monster and Victor share a common search for a relationship or a spouse. Victor and the monster both share the same emptiness, the same pain and suffering. The monster was created out of curiosity but then left alone in the beginning stages of his life. Love and companionship play a key role in a persons life, and by being abandoned by his creator, and rejected by society, the monster learned how to live by trial and error; creating more grief and misery for himself. Victor’s emptiness and pain come from his withdrawal and loss of his family. When he left for college in Ingolstadt he left his family for what was suppose to be five years. After becoming interested in creating the monster he cut himself off from the rest of the world, dedicating all his time to the creation. When he returns home he has only a slight time before his one and only love... Free Essays on Frankenstein The Alienation of Victor Frankenstein and Dr. John Faustus Victor Frankenstein and John Faustus are two characters that are alienated because of their intellectual curiosity. Faustus’s and Frankenstein’s pursuits of knowledge begin with an inexorable journey to their downfalls as they become alienated. Both characters attempt to exceed human ability and are alienated from God because of their attempts. These men are concerned with the secrets of nature and are ultimately alienated from the world because of their quests which violate nature. They are alienated from themselves because of their extreme passions for knowledge. Faustus and Frankentstein could escape their tragic endings and their alienations if only they had fortitude. According to Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1985), alienation is â€Å"of or belonging to another person or place, foreign in nature or character, the action of a stranger, or a state of estrangement, or a withdrawing or se paration of a person or his affections from and object or position of former attachment†. According to the class lecture on alienation, Raymond Williams defines alienation as â€Å" cutting off or being cut off from God, a state of being cut off or estranged from the knowledge of God or from his mercy or worship, loss of original human nature, or a loss of connection with one’s deepest feelings and needs or sense of powerlessness†(notes). Victor Frankenstein’s journey begins with his notable childhood. Victor is extremely loved by his parents and they bestow upon him a wonderful and educated life as a child. Victor states, â€Å"During every hour of my infant life I received a lesson of patience, of charity, and of self-control†(39). However his downfall begins as he develops a desire for the knowledge of the metaphysical or physical secrets of the world. He attends the University of Ingolstaldt and begins his work on the creature. The task consumes him, and he rejects his...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Mc Phail v Doulton (1970)

Mc Phail v Doulton (1970) Free Online Research Papers Q ) ‘It seems to be as plain as can be that if all the objects are not ascertainable, then to distribute amongst the known object is to take a narrower class than the settler has directed and so to conflict with his intention.’ (Lord Guest (dissenting) in Mc Phail v Doulton (1970)). Discuss. As stated in question the statement is a dissenting view of Lord Guest in Mc Phail v Doulton (1970). For better understanding, it would be convenient to break the statements into parts. First, ‘If all the objects are not ascertainable’. This entails that all the objects of the trust to be identified or specified by the settler Broadway Cottages. Second, â€Å"to distribute among the known objects† means â€Å"any given postulant test† or â€Å"is or is not test† as in Gulbenkian. Third, â€Å"is to take a narrower class† it is a view of the judge which needs discussion to see whether â€Å"is or is not test† conflicts with the directed intention of the settler or not. Proceeding accordingly, the first thing to consider is certainty of objects. For certainty of objects to subsist, a settler must give conceptually certain class to trustee. Previously, in fixed trust and discretionary trust it was necessary to identify all the members of the stipulated class of settler for the valid execution of the trust. This was known as complete list test as settled in I.R.C v. Broadway Cottages (1955). Jenkins LJ in Court of Appeal in Broadway regarded this test as contrary to common sense with regard to discretionary trust. Moreover, the dissenting judges Hodson LJ and Guest LJ in McPhail regarded it as absurd and contrary to public interest and held that it should to be changed by statue respectively. The reason that the dissenting judges had ambivalence regarding Broadway test was concept of duty. They held that if objects are not ascertainable the court could not control and execute that trust because if trustees fail to exercise their discretion, the court could not direct an equal distribution among the beneficiaries because to execute a discretionary trust application of complete list test was necessary. Lord Wilberforce in McPhail demolished the complete list argument. He emphasized that the purpose of the discretionary trust is to appoint trustee to distribute property fairly among beneficiaries. He insisted the application of equal distribution as illogical because it would produce a result beneficial to none in case of big class in discretionary trust. Equal distribution is not the motive behind the discretionary trust. Equal distributions are matters used in family matters and not elsewhere. Lord Wilberforce is giving more flexibility to court. In addition, discretionary trust is meant to distinguish deserving from undeserving. You do not need equal division in discretionary trusts. This is because, as oppose to fix trusts, in discretionary no one has the right to entitlement to trust property. Therefore, you also do not need to know everyone in the class for a valid execution of the trust. Only those beneficiaries are given share which trustee chooses among the class. The second thing to consider in this essay is â€Å"is or is not test.† The court of first instance in McPhail construed the provisions in as Power. They concluded that the words were fluffy which entailed no obligation on trustee thus power. Goff J used Gestetner rule, while applying the wider interpretation of Lord Denning of court of appeal in Gulbenkian. The rule validates power if any individual comes within the class. Court of Appeal in McPhail accepted the fact that the arguments found in favor of interpreting the provisions as a trust or power were of equal standing. Since, at that time, discretionary test used to apply complete list test of Broadway, it would have meant that the trust would fail of evidential uncertainty therefore court of appeal construed it as power. Notwithstanding, Lord Harman in court of appeal criticized the merits of Broadway rule in discretionary trust on policy grounds. His stance was that saying the provisions were trust or power sho uld not invalidate the deed in either case and that invalidity of a discretionary trust by not being able to make a complete is just absurd and embarrassing. While the case was in court of appeal, House of Lords in ReGulbenkians had reestablished the narrower approach of â€Å"is or is not† test. Test required that if it is applied to any random person, it would be possible to say of every person, with certainty, whether he falls in the class of defined objects or not. This test entailed that without actually surveying, on paper you can say for sure that using that particular test would give a certain result. With this interpretation in hand, court of appeal in McPhail regarded the provisions as amounting to power and ordered resubmission of the case to the chancery division to check on evidence whether the provisions fulfill the narrower interpretation of Gestetner test. Tendency of courts had become more inclined towards not using complete list test for discretionary test. This was an unnecessary hurdle towards the validity of discretionary trusts. Broadway requirement was rendering many trusts as not valid. This rule was as old as nineteenth century where courts had established in several cases that where trustees failed to carry out a trust, the court would simply order an equal distribution Kemp v Kemp(1801), Brown v Higgs(1800). The decision In I.R.C v Broadway Cottages had led to series of cases where discretionary trusts in favor employees, ex-employees, dependants, etc. were brought before courts to check there validity. Re Sayer Trust (1957), Re Eden (1957), Re Hain’s Settlement (1961), Re Saxone Shoe Co. Ltd’s Trust Deed (1962) and Re Leek (1969). In these cases if courts decided that income or capital of trust fund were subject to discretionary than all its objects had to be ascertainable following Broadway otherwise in cases of mere power it would be valid if it met the test laid down in Re Gestetner(1953). More problems emerged with time to time. It was impractical to expect a complete list in cases of big class. Lord Reid in Gulbenkian and Lord Wilberforce in McPhail stipulated that sometimes the class is so big, notwithstanding conceptually certain, it is simply administratively unworkable to carry out a trust by making a complete list. It was felt that just because you do not have enough evidence to locate all beneficiaries it would be unfair to reject a trust. Similarly, a strong desire had emerged to allow trustees to execute a trust and not defeat a trust on mere technicality or ,as later decided, on the basis of peradventure(chance, doubt or evidential uncertainty) Re Hays Settlements(1982). It had a few benefits such as you can at least benefit some people where as in complete list trust, even if one person is not found(certain) than no one would get the benefit. This would in turn waste the time of settlor and wastage of purpose of transferring the property in the name of trustee and wastage of lots of money used to create a trust. House of Lords took notice of all the detriments brought by complete list test in the field of discretionary test and brought an important change in the English law of trust. House of Lords in McPhail brought an end to rule in I.R.C v Broadway Cottages (1955) (complete list test in discretionary trust). House of Lords in McPhail felt that, as power is almost practically same and closest to discretionary trust so court decided to apply the test used in power to discretionary trusts from now onwards. The difference was just of enforceability not of kind. They imported narrower approach of â€Å"is or not† test as laid down by Lord Upjohn in ReGulbenkians. The premise of this change was that if the trustee’s job is X than court would not diverge from that and would do the same job X to carry out the trust if in case trustees fail to execute a trust. Court would not do anything different from the powers conferred on to trustees. This stance was in compliance to very old cases Moseley v Moseley (1673), Clarke v Turner (1694), Warburton v Warburton (1702), Harding v Glyn (1739), Richardson v Chapman (1760). In these cases, chancery judges a ssumed free legal authority to exercise the discretions which settlor conferred on trustees. Although all the judges in McPhail agreed that, it was a discretionary trust. However, two of the judges Lord Hodson and Lord Guest who had previously supported Broadway rule in Gulbenkian were still in favor of this rule in McPhail and insisted to apply complete list test. This inevitably meant that trust would fail due to evidential uncertainty but they still gave strong dissenting judgments. As already mentioned in question Lord Guest iterated that it would be opposite to settlor’s intentions if we do not allow complete list test and follow the narrower interpretation of â€Å"is or is not† test. In response to practical approach laid down by Lord Wilberforce for ruling out Broadway, dissenting judges raised the argument that practical expediency should not be dictating questions of law. They held that trustees should consider everyone, whether he deserves or not. Therefore, to secure a right to be considered a complete list test still desirable. Moreover, com plete list test gives more certainty. Lord Wilberforce in response to this emphasized that ascertaining all complete list of defined group is costly. He accentuated to conduct reasonable enquires and ascertain group reasonably as it is not sensible or good thing to ascertain everyone as it is costly too. This was similar to imposing a duty to survey as in Re Gestetner and encouraging trustee not to just stop in ascertaining class by just finding one person who falls within that class. If trustees had to defray more to ascertain objects of the class then the original trusts fund, it would simply be odd to carry out that trust. Further, he articulated that if trustees refuse to execute trust, court could have methods to implement the intentions of the trustees in the best possible way. It could appoint new trustees, force present trustees, in extreme cases courts itself could do it or can appoint committee from the representatives of the class of beneficiaries. To say that the application of narrower approach of is or is not test conflicts with the intention of the settlor is not appropriate. In fixed trust, where complete list test is still used, beneficiary’s can come to court and then court can distribute equally. For equal distribution, you need exact list. Equity is equality. Trustees have limited choice in terms of distribution. Only equal distribution is allowed. If here trustee do any kind of discrepancy then it can be validly argued that trustees are diverging from the intention of the settlor. Whereas in the case of discretionary test settlor, himself, gives trustee the power to distribute among anyone he like from the people who fall in the class. Therefore, in case of discretionary trust settlor gives his submission to the conscience of the trustee to execute the trust fairly. Settlor has no authority to question how the trust was carried out except for the fact that trusts fund was distributed within the stipula ted class of beneficiaries. House of Lords sent this case back to chancery division to determine the validity of the provisions under the narrower approach of is or is not test. Brightman J in chancery division regarded the provisions as certain and then the case went up to court of appeal as ReBaidens No.2 where three judges gave different interpretations to is or is not test. Sachs LJ clearly distinguished conceptual and evidential certainty. He said that evidential uncertainty could never fail a trust; if you could just locate just one person, the trust would be valid. Megaw LJ stated that if you know or discovered substantial number of beneficiaries who fall in the class than the class is certain. The problem is the word â€Å"substantial.† Judge said it is a matter of common sense. Substantial and few are just a matter of degree. This interpretation of the test is just like the rejected interpretation of is or is not test in court of appeal in Gulbenkian where the power was held valid if any one or few people fell within the class than trust was valid. Stamp LJ asserted you should be able to say with complete certainty that someone falls in the class or not. Sacks LJ and Megaw LJ say if there are some people, of which you are not sure than even in that scenario the trust is valid. As oppose to this the test for â€Å"Is nor is not test† by Stamp LJ is very stringent. However, it is still to be determined whose interpretation of â€Å"is or is not† test is regarded as good law. Research Papers on Mc Phail v Doulton (1970)Standardized TestingArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Research Process Part OneBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office System

Thursday, November 21, 2019

What does Qualitative Research mean to me Essay

What does Qualitative Research mean to me - Essay Example The essay will ultimately conclude on the importance of qualitative research Introduction The selection of appropriate approach to be employed in a research is typically preceded by issue selection and a paradigm.  Flick (2009) defines a paradigm as the entire construction of viewpoint, standards and processes within which research occurs. Maxwell (2005) defines qualitative study as a process of investigation of human and societal issues that are focused on coming up with an intricate holistic picture obtained from a natural setting. Quantitative research usually takes the approach of studying the mathematical significance of data collected. Qualitative research on the other hand, takes into account the social and human aspect of research by looking into how people’s actions, attitudes, and behavior affect the research and its outcomes (Patton, 2004). Discussion    Qualitative research is concerned with the examination of patterns, which can be traced in the data collected which are usually reflected through the participant’s actions. The qualitative researcher is interested in the presentation of data in a manner that would reflect the participant’s attitudes and feelings concerning the subject matter. The objective of the qualitative research then is the discovery of patterns emerging after close observation, meticulous recording and a thoughtful analysis of the issue studied. Qualitative research usually asks the question what and why. The researcher is employed in the search for something as well as the lack of it. Paradoxes and inconsistencies bin the explanation of people’s responses toward an issue (Silverman, 2009). Qualitative research represents the most used type of study on societal issues. Politics makes use of it to try out new strategies, and to keep abreast of public sentiment, corporations use it to evaluate their products and if advertising is creating the desired impact. Qualitative researchers are investigator s in a variety of perspectives given that they search for clues and study societal and personal drive by means of the myriad of qualitative techniques. Tools Qualitative study in most instances makes use of individual depth interviews and focus groups. In some instances, a mix of methods such as group interviews and divergence groups may be made use of. Qualitative analysis aims at explaining behavior and sentiment through the development of dialogue intended to draw out people’s perspectives concerning a particular issue in a natural way. It is important that the researcher recognize their role in the discussion process by guiding his question asking to ensure that there is no bias in discussion with respondents. While the researcher ought to avoid a bias in the introduction of the topic, he also has to ensure that his questions offer specific hints and key words in order not to make the study a pure regurgitation of previous studies (Flick, 2009). The qualitative researcher ought to be capable of probing and challenging the subjects in order that true perspectives are brought out. A good drafting of qualitative research questions is essential if reliable and accurate results are to be found. A good researcher would be able to draft questions that will elicit novel responses, which they may not have had a chance to air in previous studies. The Researcher The qualitative researcher should listen to his respondent, analyses the respondent and his answers then